I had a very interesting experience when I tried to install Windows 7 on my desktop that has Windows XP 32bit installed on it. Well I knew that I could not simple upgrade a 32 bit OS to 64 bit OS. So it was going to be a dual boot on my machine. I downloaded Windows 7 64 bit DVD from MSDN. It was little naive of me to think that setup file on that DVD will actually run from 32 bit OS. Anyways, I gave it a try. That meant that I have to boot from my Windows 7 64 bit DVD. So I restarted the machine and chose of option of botting from CD/DVD. That did not go very well. The ISO download from MSDN was not bootable. And I could not find my DVD that Microsoft sent me as part of MSDN shipment. Well going by where there is will there is a way here is my work around to do Install Windows 7 64 bit on my Dell desktop.

So I came up with idea of first installing Windows Vista 64 bit on machine because I have boot CD for it. Well, that did not go very well. For some reason Dell desktops with SATA drives do not boot from MSDN disks. They always end up with BSOD. It has something to do with drivers for SATA drive that dell machines ship with. I knew Windows 7 boot disks work with dell machines. Luckily I had my Windows 7 N Edition (version that ships in Europe). So I went down the path of using that. And I got lucky with it. This DVD worked fine and I was able to install Windows 7 64 bit on my machine. One thing you want to do it not to choose the option of activating the serial number because I was about to upgrade this installation to regular Windows 7. Well now I came to know that you can not upgrade Winodws 7 N to Windows 7. Well that is ok because I did not need that installation anyways. Only thing I really needed was a 64 bit OS on my machine so I could launch set up files of regular Windows 7 64 bit. I inserted MSDN DVD for Windows 7 64 bit into the machine and went on with installation.

That was an interesting learning exercise for me.

My laptop, using Windows7, has been running at very high CPU usage lately. Since I had multiple instances of high CPU usage applications like Visual Studio, Expression, etc. open all the time, I did not suspect anything. On top of that since I had mutiple processors in machine, I did not feel the pinch that much. This morning I restarted the laptop and noticed that my CPU usage is running to about 75% with no applications open. Well so I started my diagnostics.

Task Manager

First place to check for processes that may be using high CPU. I did not see any process that had high CPU usage. Then I realized that this is Windows7 and I am not seeing processes for all users. So first thing you need to do is click on Show processes for all users check box and make sure it is checked. Now I was able to see all the process. And there it was the culprit. My machine had spoolsv.exe process using 50% CPU. Since I have two processes, that would mean that one of the processors is using all 100% resources.

Spoolsv.exe

Spoolsv.exe is a print spooler service used by Windows to manage print que on your machine. This was another surprise for me because I was not printing anything on my laptop. Then why is this spooler service running and taking up all the resources. Now I need to figure out what is going on with printing documents on my machine.

What is printing?

To see what is printing on your Windows 7 machine, follow these steps.

• Goto Start > Devices and Printers menu item.

  

• This will bring up view where you can see all devices and printers attached to your machine. The following screenshot shows how the view looks like on my laptop. Usually you may have one or two printers in your list. Click on any of the printers you see in your list. Now you will have See what's printing button show up in your toolbar. Click on it and it will show you all documents in que for that printer.

  

• If you see any documents waiting for printing or saying that they are printing, remove them from printer's que. Go through each printer in the list and clean up the printing ques.

• Now go back to Task Manager and check CPU usage. There should not be any entry for Spoolsv.exe and your machine's CPU usage should be back to normal.

Is Spoolsv.exe a virus or trojan?

If cleaning up printer ques does not help in bringing down CPU usage for Spoolsv.exe, then you may want to entertain the notion that your windows machine may be infectd with some virus or trojan. That would mean that it is time to run full scan on your machine and clean it up.

When you install DotNetNuke (in my case it was latest 5.3.1 release), you may run into the following exception and error when you try to launch the wizard for fresh install. This error can actually occur even after you have configured your DNN site correctly.

Server Error in '/DNN53' Application.
-------------------------------------

Security Exception
Description: The application attempted to perform an operation not allowed by
the security policy.  To grant this application the required permission please
contact your system administrator or change the application's trust level in 
the configuration file.

Exception Details:
System.Security.SecurityException: Request for the permission of type 
'System.Web.AspNetHostingPermission, System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral,
PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089' failed

The issue here is related how you created and configured your virtual directory or web application in IIS7 or higher. When creating a virtual directory in IIS on Windows 7, the default setting make use of DefaultAppPool. And that pool is configured to use Integrated Pipe Line as shown in the following screenshot. DNN framework does not seem to be configured and implemented to handle this integrated IIS pipeline and ends up throwing security exception. The simple fix is to switch your application pool to use Classic .Net AppPool or if you have some other custom application pool that does not use Integrated pipe line.

With Windows 7 a lot of things have changed as far as location of certain folders go. In my previous post Location Of Documents and Settings Folder in Windows 7 I talked about how you can access your Documents And Settings Folder on Windows 7. Other day I was asked where has Temporary Internet Files folders have been moved.

There is an obvious answer to this question but lot of times we just forget about it. If you bring up Options dialog box from Tools menu or tool bar button, you can see location of this folder by clicking on Settings button. Following screen shots two steps that you need to follow to find location of your Temporary Internet Files folder location.

As a quick reference you will find Temporary Internet Files folder at following location.

In my previous post Fix STOP: 0x0000007B (OxF8968640, 0xC0000034, 0X00000000, 0x00000000), I described come remedies to that problem. The thing that started the whole thing was the following message.

I had Windows XP Home installed on my Dell Latitude E6500 laptop. I decided to upgrade it to Windows XP Professional. The upgrade completed without any problems. After laptop was rebooted, I had my nice login screen come up with all the user accounts listed. I clicked on my account and I got the above message. Since I have valid user license for Windows XP Professional, I clicked on "Yes" on the dialog box. Nothing happened. Usually a wizard starts that walks you through activation steps. I tried rebooting few times, booted in safe mode, repaired my installation. Nothing worked at all. I thought I could log into safe mode to do activation. Well, it told me that I can not activate copy of windows in safe mode. I tried to reboot with "Safe mode with Networking Support". That did not go very well because operating system refused to do so telling me that I have to activate copy of the windows before I could do so. After digging around and calling my preferential technical support at microsoft, I came to know the following things and fix for the problem.

• Windows Activation Wizard Depends on Installation of Internet Explorer. So much for not forcing users to have to install IE.
• Upgrade from Windows XP Home Basic to Windows XP Professional wiped my previous installation of IE8

So from above two issues you can see that I am in catch 22 situation and there was no way that activation wizard was going to come up. So here is the solution to the problem.

• Goto another machine that has CD/DVD burner
• Download full installer of Internet Explorer 8 (IE8)
• Burn IE8 on CD/DVD
• Now log in into "Safe Mode" on machine with activation problem
• Insert CD with IE8 installer
• Install IE8 on the machine
• Reboot the machine
• Now when This copy of Windows must be activated with Microsoft before you can log on. Do you want to activate Windows now? message dialog box pops up, click "Yes"
• This should bring up activation wizard and you should be able to complete your activation of copy of windows and use your machine normally.

Two days ago I decided to upgrade my Dell Latitude E6500 laptop from Windows XP Home Basic to Windows XP Professional. I decided not to do a clean install and use Upgrade option at install time. It upgraded fine. When I tried to log into the machine, i got the error message that I need to activate this version of Windows before I could use it. Well that is another story. I tried few things and decided to do a clean install. So I inserted my boot disk and made the laptop boot from it. All the drivers copied fine and when it went to step of Starting Windows Executive, BAM. I get the dreaded BSOD with error code STOP: 0x0000007B (OxF8968640, 0xC0000034, 0X00000000, 0x00000000). Well, this is a new laptop and was botting fine when I upgraded OS version. So it did not seem logical to think that hard disk is corrupted or some controller is failing. I remember that I had similar issue couple of years ago when I tried to upgrade OS on one of my Dell Precision Workstation. Then it hit me that at that time the problem was because of SATA drivers not being loaded from Windows XP install CD. And I had to ask Dell for installer CD that was used on that desktop. When you see this kind of error when you do any of the following:

• Reinstall OS from disk other than manufacturer
• Change your hard disk configuration
• You got SATA/RAID drives

First try to see if you can find your original OS disk that came with the machine or ask the manufacturer for a new one. There are different solutions proposed like disabling SATA option in BIOS. I do not feel comfortable with those options because it may introduce issues that may affect performance of your machine. I will strongly suggest using disk that has appropriate disk drivers.

Every now and then you run into situations where you need to perform some command line action on your windows machine. And then you see this instruction along with other instructions for that operation. Note: corrective action requires Administrator privileges. This was not a problem till Windows XP because if your account was part of Administrators group you were granted the rights to perform that action. But on Windows7 that is not the case. Even if your account is part Administrators group, you are not running as Administrator. On Windows7 you have to use Run as administrator option to launch certain application.

To start a command prompt we all go to Start menu and use Run option to launch command window or in Windows7 you simply type Cmd in following window in start menu and hot enter.

This will start your command window but it will be running under your context and not as administrator. To get it to run as administrator, instead of hitting Enter, use following key combination and you will have your command window running as Administrator.

To confirm that your command window is running as administrator, you will see Administrator prefixed in the title of the command window as shown below.

This morning I opened the flap of my laptop and windows started resuming from hibernation. I noticed that all resources on the machine were getting consumed and eve after good 10 minutes the machine did not recover completely and CPU usage was still 100%. Instead of waiting any more I did a hard reboot of the laptop. After restart, I started getting all kind of weird error messages thrown at me. Errors that I have never seen before. The network service failed, event notification service failed, networking was not working and all kind of errors related to network. I thought my network slots on mother board has failed. So I decided to plug-in wireless broadband network modem to get connected. Well there was surprise I get error "Windows Sockets could not be initialized". Well that was kind of indication that something is seriously busted now. I did the usual routine of trying to run machine in safe mode. Well, i could not access event logs as well for any errors at that point because it complained about event log service not being started on the machine.

Since I was getting WinSock initialization error from my broadband card connectivity so I decided to reset WinSock stack on my machine. I ran the following command from command line.

netsh winsock reset

When the command started running first message I got in the console was saying nitialization function INITHELPERDLL in IPMONTR.DLL failed to start with error code 10107. That is very typical message you will see when winsock stack is corrupted. The command ran for few seconds and then I restarted the machine as it asked me to. That fixed the whole issue for me.

Once the machine started normally, I was able to look into System event log. Well, there was huge number of network related errors from last night. Some of the errors were:

• A timeout was reached (30000 milliseconds) while waiting for the Net.Tcp port Sharing Service service to connect.
• The network location awareness service terminated
• The IP helper service terminated
• The network link is down

How this information helps you if you are running into similar issues on your machine.

This morning I tried to update source of one of open source libraries for one of my applications. The source is hosted under subversion. Since I had upgraded my machine from Windows XP to Windows 7 so I had to reinstall TortoiseSVN tool. The tool installed fine without any issues and shell extensions installed nicely as well. And I got the ability to right click on the code folder and click on SVN Update. So far so good. The update dialog box comes up and after few seconds I get the error message

I realized that I am not using Windows XP anymore. And I am dealing with Windows 7 UAC now. Why did I get the error? Here are the reasons:

• The folder was created when I was using Windows XP. Although I have not changed my login name on the machine but I have a new SID now. So I am not the folder any more. See the following two snapshots. First one shows who the current owner is and second one shows that owner's SID is unknown, indicated by a ref ? on left side of SID.
  
  
• Even though I am logged in with administrator account, I am not technically administrator. I am just a Protected Administrator (PA). If you are upgrading from Windows XP then you are already familiar with User Access Control (UAC) technology and all the restrictions introduced with it. On Windows XP, an administrator account had previleges on all folders in the system. But on Windows 7, protected administrator account can not do that.
• If you look at the permission set for the standard users account on the machine, you will notice that it does not have Write permissions on the folder. You can see it in the following snapshot.
  

For an application to update these files, you will have to do one of the following things:

• Your application should be running under the credentials of the file owner. Since that SID is invalid now, that is not an option any more.
• Get your application to "Run as administrator" or relax UAC. This is something that can be done as last resort if all else fails.
• Change ownership of the file or folder to new user account. This is the option I like the most because I am not compromising UAC settings and I am doing the correct thing of changing ownership to valid account. This is what I am going to explain in next section.

How to change file ownership in Windows 7?

These are some very straight forward steps with slight caveat here and there. Of course there are going to be some caveats, its Windows. Here are the steps that will describe how to change owner of an existing file, especially when existing file owner account is not valid any more.

• Right click on folder or file in Windows Explorer and select Properties menu option. This will bring up Properties dialog box for that file or folder.
• Select Security Tab. It will bring up view as shown below and click on Advanced button
  
• Now you will have Advanced Security Settings dialog box. In this dialog box, select Owner tab at the top and it will bring up view as shown below.
  
• Now you will have Owner dialog box as shown below. In this view, select the user account that needs to be assigned new owner of the file or folder. If this is a folder, then you can select Replace owner on subcontainers and objects if you want the owner change to propagate to all child nodes under this folder as well. And then click on Apply button for change to take into effect. If you have lot of subfolders or hierarchy is too deep, then it may take few seconds to minutes for changes to apply.
  

Now your application should be able to make changes to files if it is running under your account.

Transition from Windows XP to Windows 7 has been raising new issues every day during development of desktop as well as web applications. Most of these are not issues per se. They are changes that were introduced during Windows Vista and are part of Windows 7 as well. This piece of information has to do with network protocols on Windows 7. Here is what happened. I am developing a web application. One of the things I had to do in the application is to check if the request URL is from localhost or loopback address then do something different otherwise follow normal routine. So I was comparing Request.UserHostAddress with standard loopback address of 127.0.0.1. It was working fine. Then I started an instance of IE and tried to test the page. Well, nothing seemed to work. When I debugged the code, I saw that value of Request.UserHostAddress was ::1 instead of 127.0.0.1. By looking at the IP address I could tell that it was standard IPv6 loop back IP address. Actually the loopback address on an IPv6 network is 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 which is abbreviated as ::1. Then I paid close attention to IPAddress class in .Net framework. There is a method IsLoopback that you can use to test for loopback address. And you will use Parse method to create instance of IPAddress object. After making these changes, my implementation looked as below.

private void GetUserFromIp()
{
 UserGeoLocator geoLocator = new UserGeoLocator();
 _userLocation = null;
 var ip = IPAddress.Parse(Request.UserHostAddress);
 if (IPAddress.IsLoopback(ip) ||
  string.Compare(Request.UserHostAddress, "127.0.0.1", 0) == 0)
 {
  _userLocation = geoLocator.GetUserLocationByIp("68.xxx.xxx.xxx");
 }
 else
 {
  _userLocation = geoLocator.GetUserLocationByIp(Request.UserHostAddress);
 }
}

IPv6 is enabled by default on Windows Vista as well as Windows 7. If you use Visual Studio Development Server to debug your application, you will notice that loopback address is in IPv4 format but if you use IIS to debug your ASP.Net application, the loopback address is in IPv6 format. To avoid any issues like this, using IsLoopback makes the implementation neutral to format because framework will take care of interpretting the IP address correctly when you use Parse to create instance of IPAddress object.

You can diable use of IPv6 on Windows 7 by following instructions in How to disable certain Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) components in Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008. If you are not using any format specific implementation, then you do not have to do that and I would not suggest doing it if you are not comfortable dealing with changing registry entries.

I have been running Windows 7 for quite some time now. Lately I started seeing that every now and then machine will consume almost 100% CPU. Especially if machine resumes from hibernation it was taking few minutes to get it started completely and respond to mouse and keyboard events. So I started looking into Task Manager. I noticed that there was good amount of activity happening. And most of the activity was for operations that I did not care or I did not use or I did not know about. There were 2 processes that I am going to mention here.

Windows Media Player Network Sharing Service

I noticed that wmpncfg.exe process was consuming close to 35% of CPU. Then I looked in Service Control Manager and found this service. Interesting thing was that the service was configured to run Manually but it was already running. I never started it. This is what the description of this service says.

If you are not using media player to share your content, then you really do not need to run this service. Change the status of this service to Disabled.

Feed Sync

Second process that i noticed was msfeedssync.exe. This process was actually waking up at regular interval and consuming all the resources. The name pretty much tells that it has something to do with news feed synchronization. I had configured Windows Mail to read some feeds some time back. But then I had removed it from there. Windows Mail also adds these feeds to Internet Explorer as well. You can click on the feeds in Internet Explorer by clicking on Favorites button. The left pane has a tab for Feeds. You can see in the image below that there is one entry for news feed.

Now click on Tools > Internet Option menu option. It will bring up Internet options dialog box. Click on Content tab. At the bottom of the view you will notice section Feeds and web slices. Click on Settings button. It will bring up following dialog box. Notice that by default all feeds are set to be synchronized every 15 minutes. Turn this off if you are not using IE as news reader or you want to synchronize the feeds manually.

After I made these 2 changes, I saw significant improvement in performance of my laptop.

Currently I am working on an assignment that involves updating a web site in 4 different languages (English, Chinese, Arabic and Spanish). The company provided all the translated documents. Now it was just matter of copy paste from non English documents to the pages. Well, that turned out to be a nightmare task for me because this was first time I was working with Arabic and Chinese language pages. I thought it would be simple task of cut and paste from Microsoft Word document to HTML editor for those pages. Well that did not work quite well because MS Word wants to copy its HTML tags as well. So I decided to use my good old technique of copy the text on to notepad and then from notepad to HTML editor. Well that did not go very well either because notepad could not render Arabic and Chinese text. And I was not in position to enable east asian language support on the machine.

Since Microsoft has done good job of updating very elementary tools like Paint so I thought of trying Notepad on my Windows 7 machine. And it worked like a charm. The notepad did render Chinese and Arabic text correctly. I could not thank Windows 7 enough to save my day.

This was just a nightmare experience with Java Run Time on Windows 7. I wanted to run live stock ticker application from my brokerage firm. That application is a java applet. For few years Microsoft has stopped installing JRE on Windows machines, thanks for litigation case with Sun MicroSystems. Anyways, I downloaded JRE from Sun's web site and installed it. First thing i notice is that when I launch Internet Explorer it taked 5-8 seconds for home page to come up. And subsequent page navigation is slow as well. When I looked in Task Manager I saw that ssvagent.exe process is consuming close to 90% CPU. Then I launched a second instance of browser. Now I have another ssvagent.exe process launched and consuming all the CPU it can. I could not surf any pages without waiting for 5-10 seconds per page load time. I immediately installed Java Run Time from my machine and everything back to normal.

I did some search about the process and found that this is some known issue. There is an official bug report about it on Sun's site as well. You can read about it on this link ssvagent.exe and jbroker.exe need to be signed. The bug has been opened and closed multiple times. And it looks that it still has not been fixed. At least now you do not get Windows UAC dialog box.

There are two very useful tools in Windows 7 that I absolutely love. Sticky Notes and Snip Tool

If you are migrating from Windows Vista then you probably have seen these tools in the form of gadgets. But for users who are upgrading from Windows XP, these tools are going to something they will find themselves using all the time.

Sticky Notes

The name pretty much tells the whole story. Yes, these are like sticky notes that you can post on your display. Click on the menu option in Start menu and it will bring up a blank sticky note on your display. Write whatever note you want to write on it and it will stay sticky on there. If you want to create more notes, you will notice there is a + button the note. If you click it, you will start a new sticky note. If you are big fan of sticky notes to keep track of your tasks then you will love it.

Snip Tool

If you are like me who like to take snap shot of applications or messages or things like that to convey visual description of message or description etc. then you are going to love this tool. Now you do not have to do Print Screen and then save the image in some graphic editor and then edit it to cut out the relevant portion. All that pain is gone with this new tool. When you click on the menu option in Start > Accessories it will bring up a small dialog box. Click on New button. Your screen will turn into very light color and a snipping cursor will become active. Simply mark the area on the screen that you want to snip and tool will automatically open the sliced view into editor and then you can save it.

There are more cool new tools available in Windows 7 and I will keep updating my posts with more information about those tools as well.

If you try to access Documents and Settings folder in Windows 7, you will get the following message box thrown at you.

[Window Title]
Location is not available

[Content]
C:\Documents and Settings is not accessible.

Access is denied.

[OK]

First, Documents and Settings folder is not visible when you look in system drive. In my previous post How to set folder view options, i discussed how you can change the options to make system files and folders visible. Now you have the folder visible but its not accessible even when you are logged in as administrator. Now Documents and Settings is actually a link to another folder Users in your system drive. Yes, this is the folder where all the users related data is stored. Under this folder you will find folders for all users who have ever logged into the system and some of default system users as well. You can access individual users folders. This is where you will find folders like My Documents, My pictures, Favorites etc. You will notice a lot of these folders have a blue curved up-arrow icon with it. Yes, this indicates that these folders are shortcut or links to actual physical location of the folders. And you will not be able to access these folder from these links. If you have change the folder options to view hidden files and folders, you will be able to see actual folders like My Documents, Local Settings etc. You can access these folders to get to physical location of data. One other important folder that you need to know about it Local Settings. This is also a link to actual location in user folder. There is no hidden Local Settings folder. You will find another hidden folder AppData. Click on this folder and you will find following sub-folders.

• Local
• LocalLow
• Roaming

This is where you will find the folders that you are used to seeing under Local Settings and Application Data folders. In general you if you are looking for folders that used to be in Documents and Settings folder, look in the following folder (assuming you have installed operating system in C drive).

This little piece of information about folder structure in Windows 7 should help you get started in exploring more folders that you may otherwise think have been removed since Windows XP. If you have any questions, please feel free to fire question(s) my way. I will be glad to answer as much as i can.

In earlier version of Windows, we used to have a top menu in windows explorer and one of the items used to be Tools and under that there used to be option for Folder View. I used to use that to toggle options like:

• Show hidden files, folders and drives
• Hide extensions for known types
• Hide protected operating system files
• File sharing wizard
• ... and more

When you launch windows explorer in Windows 7, you will notice that Tools menu option in not there. Now there is a new menu item Organize. Under that you will find sub menu item Folder and Search Options.

Click on Folder and Search Options menu item. This will bring up dialog box Folder Options that following three tabs.

• General
• View
• Search

Click on View and it will show the folder options that you can use to toggle different options about folder view.

If you want to install Pwershell V2.0, one of the requirements is to uninstall previous versions of Powershell. If you don't do that, while installing V2.0, you will get message about uninstalling it. And the message does say to use Add/Remove Programs to uninstall it. So I went to Add/Remove Programs panel and could not find it there. That was frustrating. So I decicded to do some manual search about this installed program. All programs installed on Windows (if done right) have a registry entry at HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall location. If you search on that node for Powershell you will find a key for KB926139-2. Look at value for ParentDisplayName. It points to Windows XP - Software Updates. When we goto Add/Remove Programs control panel, the check box for Show Updates is usually not selected by default. So check that box and you should see all updates. Now you will find Powershell installation under Windows XP- Software Updates (depending on operating system you are using. You can now uninstall it from here. Following screen shot shows registry entry from my machine.

As i was building a new desktop application for Windows7, I was adding support to detect if user's operating system was Windows 7 or not. So I fired up handy Win32 API GetVersionEx. I don't know for some reason I was hoping to see a major version number revision to 7 for Windows 7 release. Well, it was not. There is only a minor version number increment to 1 from 0 that was used for Vista. So you will see that for Windows 7, major version number is still 6. You can see it from the debugger screen shot of my little application.

I guess this falls in line with what most people have been saying that Windows 7 is not a major change in windows operating system but it is a better version of Windows Vista. I guess after looking at these numbers of dwMajorVersion and dwMinorVersion, MS has also indicating that Windows 7 is not a major release for operating system.

I was always used to be early adopters of new Microsoft operating systems. But with release of Windows Vista, I had bad taste in my mouth. On my home network of 4+ computers I did not dare to install it on more than one computers. It was not the security dialog boxes popup that bothered me because being a device driver developer for long time I understood why Microsoft tried to enforce it. Anyways, it was that hardware requirements to run Viata were brutal. And even then it will drag most of the time.

Since annoucement of release of Windows 7 Beta, I read the improvements that it was going to offer. I got some hope that things will get better again. So last night I downloaded beta release from Microsoft Connect site and went through install process. I can describe my initial experience with following bullet items.

• It took only 35mins to go through install
• It only gave me scare one time when screen went half blank one time during last step of Completing Installation step.
• There was no problem with detection of Video card and corresponding driver. I even got Prerelease update for Video driver when updates installed after first install.
• There was no problem with detection of network.. yay
• And most important, operating system started quickly after restart

So far it has been very positive experience. Now I am going to try to my development tools like Visual Studio 2008 on Windows 7.